Despite the presence of universal health care in Australia, out-of-pocket (OOP) expenses remains a concern, particularly among vulnerable groups, including socio-economically disadvantaged people and older Australians with high healthcare needs.
This article examines the Australia’s universal health care system, highlighting the impact of private health insurance and private healthcare services on OOP costs in Australia. In addition, it suggests policy options to mitigate these costs and enhance equity within the health system.