The Chilean government created the National Health Fund (Fonasa) by decree law in 1979 (among others). Fonasa is the public health insurance that provides coverage for health services to the population. It is an alternative to the Instituciones de Salud Previsional...
In 1993, the Congress of the Republic of Colombia passed Law 100, thus creating the country's comprehensive social security system. It comprises the obligations of the State and society, the institutions and the resources destined to guarantee the coverage of economic...
In 2002, the Moroccan government approved and passed the Moroccan Health Coverage Code. The social development policy advocated by His Majesty King Mohammed VI aims to improve health standards (one of the essential components of this policy) and contribute to the...
The preparation of the health accounts is an exercise led by the Ministry of Health, with technical and financial support from the WHO. The international standard methodology of the System of Accounts (SHA) 2011 was applied, making the data collected from countries at...
Decree creating and organizing the National Technical Unit in charge of implementing phase I of Universal Health Coverage in Cameroon.
The strategic health plan for the period 2023-2026 was publicly distributed by the Management Planning and Evaluation Unit of the Ministry of Health in Honduras in April 2024. The strategic plan provides information on health sector financing and insurance including...
The government of Paraguay enacted Law No. 1032 on December 30, 1996, governing the country's national health system. Chapter VIII, Article 33, and Chapter X specifically address the financing of the system through the National Health Fund, the body responsible for...
Portugal’s health system is predominantly tax-financed and provides universal coverage through the National Health Service (NHS), which operates alongside health subsystems serving specific groups. Despite comprehensive care delivered by both public and private...
The Strategic Plan 2025-2030 of the Peruvian Ministry of Health was approved in February 2025. It has, among others, institutional strategic objective 4, which is to strengthen the steering, regulatory and supervisory role of the Ministry of Health. Among others, the...
The Health Sector Strategic Plan (HSSP) V for 2024/25–2028/29 outlines a comprehensive approach to advancing Rwanda's health sector toward universal health coverage by 2030, aligning with broader national and global goals. It focuses on five strategic pillars:...
Rwanda’s Ministry of Health has launched the fifth Health Sector Strategic Plan to strengthen healthcare and achieve universal health coverage by 2030. Focus areas include workforce, infrastructure, quality care, and innovation, with a funding gap of 21%-32%. The...
Tajikistan’s health system offers a publicly financed basic benefits package, but many individuals remain ineligible for coverage. Most healthcare services are publicly managed by the government. Initiatives like 'Health for All' and the 'Universal Health Coverage'...
In Thailand, primary health care (PHC) is the first point of access to health services for all Thai citizens within the district health system. This case study investigates the political economy factors that have influenced Thailand’s decades-long implementation of...
Malta has a tax-based national health system that provides nearly universal access to its citizens, with significant out-of-pocket spending accounting for 30% of total health expenditure in 2021. The country is focused on enhancing healthcare infrastructure and...
Luxembourg's health system, based on statutory health insurance and public financing, provides universal access and low out-of-pocket expenses, while facing challenges in workforce shortages that the government is addressing through domestic training programs and...
