Document

Germany boasts a high life expectancy of 81 years, with cardiovascular diseases and cancers as leading causes of death, influenced significantly by lifestyle factors such as diet, alcohol, and smoking. The country spends heavily on health—11.7% of GDP—with universal coverage through Social Health Insurance and private alternatives, offering broad benefits and low out-of-pocket costs. Despite strong sectoral separation in healthcare services, recent policies focus on improving access, quality, coordination, and addressing concerns about potential service oversupply amid efficient resource use.