This study examined out-of-pocket (OOP) spending and catastrophic health costs among tuberculosis (TB) and HIV patients in Bandung and Yogyakarta, Indonesia, during the COVID-19 pandemic using a mixed-methods approach. About 5.13% of households faced catastrophic health spending, with nonmedical costs forming the largest share. Higher expenses were linked to care in Yogyakarta, treatment at public hospitals, and lack of insurance, while patients coped through borrowing, family help, and asset sales.
Understanding the financial hardships faced by TB/HIV patients in Indonesia during the pandemic
Reference
Nasser Fardousi, Srila Nirmithya Salita Negara, Yanri Wijayanti Subronto, Yusuf Ari Mashuri, Qinglu Cheng, Luh Putu Lila Wulandari, I Wayan Cahyadi Surya Distira Putra, Siska Dian Wahyuningtias, Ari Probandari, Hasbullah Thabrany, Virginia Wiseman, Riris Andono Ahmad, David Boettiger, Marco Liverani, Understanding the financial hardships faced by TB/HIV patients in Indonesia during the pandemic, Health Policy and Planning, 21 Nov 2025
Published On
21 Nov 2025
Country
Tags
Source
Nasser Fardousi, Srila Nirmithya Salita Negara, Yanri Wijayanti Subronto, Yusuf Ari Mashuri, Qinglu Cheng, Luh Putu Lila Wulandari, I Wayan Cahyadi Surya Distira Putra, Siska Dian Wahyuningtias, Ari Probandari, Hasbullah Thabrany, Virginia Wiseman, Riris Andono Ahmad, David Boettiger, Marco Liverani, Understanding the financial hardships faced by TB/HIV patients in Indonesia during the pandemic, Health Policy and Planning, 21 Nov 2025